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| official_languages = German | languages_type = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes )〕 | languages = | ethnic_groups = }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | demonym = Austrian | capital = Vienna | latd=48 |latm=12 |latNS=N |longd=16 |longm=21 |longEW=E | largest_city = capital | government_type = Federal semi-presidential republic (de facto a parliamentary republic) | leader_title1 = President | leader_name1 = Heinz Fischer | leader_title2 = Chancellor | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = President of the National Council | leader_name3 = Doris Bures | legislature = Parliament | upper_house = Federal Council | lower_house = National Council | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_event1 = Margraviate of Austria | established_date1 = 976 | established_event2 = Duchy of Austria | established_date2 = 1156 | established_event3 = Archduchy of Austria | established_date3 = 1453 | established_event4 = Austrian Empire | established_date4 = 1804 | established_event5 = Austro-Hungarian Empire | established_date5 = 1867 | established_event6 = First Republic | established_date6 = 1918 | established_event7 = Federal State | established_date7 = 1934 | established_event8 = Anschluss | established_date8 = 1938 | established_event9 = Second Republic | established_date9 = since 1945 | established_event10 = State Treaty in effect | established_date10 = 27 July 1955 | area_km2 = 83,879 | area_rank = 115th | percent_water = 1.7 | area_sq_mi = 32,385.86 | population_estimate_rank = 94th | population_density_km2 = 101.4 | population_density_rank = 106th | population_density_sq_mi = 262.6 | population_estimate = 8,623,073 | population_estimate_year = 2015 | GDP_PPP = $402.420 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Austria )〕 | GDP_PPP_year = 2015 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $47,031〔 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $380.555 billion〔 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2015 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $44,475〔 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = | Gini = 26.3 | Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12 )〕 | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2013 | HDI_change = steady | HDI = 0.881 | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = 21st | FSI = 26 | FSI_year = 2007 | FSI_rank = 166th | FSI_category = Sustainable | currency = Euro (€) | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = CET | drives_on = right | utc_offset = +01 | time_zone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +02 | calling_code = +43 | cctld = .at | footnote_a = Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Romani, Slovak, and Slovene are officially recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML). | footnote_b = Austrian schilling before 1999; Virtual Euro since 1 January 1999; Euro since 1 January 2002. | footnote_c = The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. }} Austria (; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.5 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers . Austria's terrain is highly mountainous, lying within the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speak local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and Austrian German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene.〔 The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. From the time of the Reformation, many Northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. The Thirty Years War, the influence of the Kingdom of Sweden and Kingdom of France, the rise of the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Napoleonic invasions all weakened the power of the Emperor in the North of Germany, but in the South, and in non-German areas of the Empire, the Emperor and Catholicism maintained control. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria was able to retain its position as one of the great powers of Europe〔Market Liberalism: A Paradigm for the 21st Century, page 247, David Boaz, Edward H. Crane, Cato Institute, Washington D.C. 1993, ISBN 978-0-932790-98-9〕〔The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848, Oxford History of Modern Europe, page 209, Paul W. Schroeder, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-19-820654-5〕 and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. Following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia emerged as Austria's chief competitor for rule of a larger Germany. Austria's defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary. After the defeat of France in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, Austria was left out of the formation of a new German Empire, although in the following decades its politics, and its foreign policy, increasingly converged with those of the Prussian-led Empire. During the 1914 July Crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Germany guided Austria in issuing the ultimatum to Serbia that led to the declaration of World War I. After the collapse of the Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) Empire in 1918 at the end of World War I, Austria adopted and used the name the Republic of German-Austria (''ドイツ語:Deutschösterreich'', later ''ドイツ語:Österreich'') in an attempt for union with Germany, but was forbidden due to the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919. In the 1938 Anschluss, Austria was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies and Austria's former democratic constitution was restored. In 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral. Today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states.〔〔Lonnie Johnson 17〕 The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna.〔 Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $52,216 (2014 est.). The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955,〔Jelavich 267〕 joined the European Union in 1995,〔 and is a founder of the OECD. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro in 1999. ==Etymology== (詳細はOld High German , and is cognate with the word ''Ostarrîchi'', which first appears in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin ラテン語:''Marchia orientalis'' into a local (Bavarian) dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria, and in fact of all the Germans, as at the time the territory of the former East Germany was populated by Slavic Sorbs and Polabians. Friedrich Heer, a 20th-century Austrian historian, stated in his book ''Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität'' (''The Struggle Over Austrian Identity''),〔Friedrich Heer: ''Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität''. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Graz 1981, ISBN 3-205-07155-7.〕 that the Germanic form ''Ostarrîchi'' was not a translation of the Latin word, but both resulted from a much older term originating in the Celtic languages of ancient Austria: more than 2,500 years ago, the major part of the actual country was called ''Norig'' by the Celtic population (Hallstatt culture); according to Heer, ''no-'' or ''nor-'' meant "east" or "easterns", whereas ''-rig'' is related to the modern German ''Reich'', meaning "realm". Accordingly, ''Norig'' would essentially mean the same as ''Ostarrîchi'' and ''Österreich'', thus ''Austria''. The Celtic name was eventually Latinised to ''Noricum'' after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, in around 15 BC. ''Noricum'' later became a Roman province in the mid 1st century AD.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Noricum, römische Provinz )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Austria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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